American International Journal of Agricultural Studies
Aims and Scope American International Journal of Agricultural Studies is a Double-Blind Peer-Reviewed Refereed International Journal that focuses on the diverse and interdisciplinary aspects of agriculture. It publishes peer-reviewed research papers, review articles, communications, and short notes without any restrictions on their length. The journal's primary objective is to disseminate scientific knowledge related to crop and animal production, biosecurity, postharvest handling of produce, agricultural technology, sustainable management of natural resources (land, soil, and water), rural management and development, and agriculture in dynamic environments. Key Topics: Agricultural Economics & Resource Management Agricultural technology Agricultural product health and safety Agriculture & Ecology Animal Agriculture & Science Animal production: livestock and poultry Aquacultural Science Biorenewable Resources Crop production: grains; legumes; fruits; vegetables; flowers; cotton Ecology Forestry General & Introductory Agriculture Horticulture Pests Diseases & Weeds Soil and water Tropical Agriculture etc. Subject Area – Agricultural and Biological Sciences. Subject Category – Plant Science. Subject Area – Agricultural and Biological Sciences. Subject Category – Agronomy and Crop Science. Subject Area – Agricultural and Biological Sciences. Subject Category – Food Science. Subject Area – Environmental Science. Subject Category- Ecology.
American Center of Science and Education
UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF HOME GARDENS IN HOUSEHOLD FOOD SUPPLY IN TIMES OF SHOCKS AND UNCERTAINTY: EVIDENCE FROM COVID-19 LOCKDOWN IN NIGERIA
Home gardening has continued to gain increased interest among researchers because of its role in promoting household food security and strengthening local agrifood systems, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria. In times of shocks like the COVID-19 pandemic, which severely disrupted food supply chains, it offers significant potential to drive sustainable household food supply. However, its potential to fully support household food supply in Nigeria remains underutilized. This study analyzes the role of home gardens in food supply among households during the COVID-19 lockdown, using cross-sectional data from 140 university staff members randomly selected. The data were collected via an online survey during the COVID-19 lockdown and analyzed using a probit model. The result shows that most respondents owned a home garden. However, only 52 percent of the home gardeners obtained food from the garden during the COVID-19 lockdown. Socio-demographic characteristics such as gender and age were inversely related to ownership of a home garden, while household size, house location and education showed a positive and significant relationship. The food crops grown in the home gardens were mainly vegetables, cassava (Manihot esculenta) and maize (Zea mays). The primary reason for owning a home garden was the access to organic food and vegetables. The findings of this study suggest that home gardens offer the potential to sustain household food supply in times of food shocks and uncertainty. JEL Classification Codes: Q18, Q56, I31, O15, R11.
Research Paper/Theoretical Paper/Review Paper/Short Communication Paper
Home Garden, Food Supply, Food Security, COVID-19
Copyright (c) 2025 Chizoba Obianuju Oranu , Kehinde Paul Adeosun , Tochukwu Georgina Umeonuora , Kenechukwu Nwakwudo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MITIGATING POSTHARVEST LOSSES IN CUCUMBER PRODUCTION: X-RAYING THE CAUSES, DRIVERS, AND COPING MECHANISMS AMONG SMALLHOLDERS
Food losses resulting from poor post-harvest management hamper achieving the sustainable development goal of zero hunger and improved food security in most developing countries. There is thus a need to understand the underlying causes and factors influencing postharvest losses among farmers to reduce postharvest losses. The study examined the primary and secondary causes of postharvest losses, the extent of postharvest losses, the drivers, and the mitigation strategies. A multistage sampling procedure was used in the selection of 200 respondents. Primary data was collected with the aid of a structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Ordinary Least Square regression. The results of the socioeconomic characteristics of the farmers indicated that the majority (54.0%) were female, with mean age, education, household size, and monthly income of 45.15 years, 11.88 years, six persons, and ₦129,400 ($180.57), respectively. The major primary and secondary causes of postharvest losses were pathogens and pests (89%) and poor road networks (x̄ = 4.5), respectively. About 41% reported a postharvest loss of between 21% and 50% of cucumber. The drivers of postharvest losses were off-farm income, harvest time after maturity, household size, the quantity of cucumber produced, and market distance. The major mitigation strategies devised by the respondents to reduce postharvest losses include timely harvesting, improved handling and transportation techniques, and adopting improved pest and disease management practices. The findings of this study suggest that improving road networks, especially those connecting farmers to the markets, would significantly reduce post-harvest losses. JEL Classification Codes: Q1, Q12, Q13, Q18.
Postharvest Losses, Mitigation, Pest, Economic Loss, Food Insecurity, Cucumber.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ikenna Charles Ukwuaba , Oluchi Mary Ndigwe , Angela Chidimma Igweh , Oluchi Mary Ndigwe , Ifeyinwa Cynthia Ukwuaba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INFLUENCE OF HUMIC ACID ON YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTING CHARACTERS OF RIDGE GOURD
Humic acids are organic compounds that enhance agronomic parameters, plant growth, and soil characteristics. Humic acid-based products have recently been utilized in crop production to maintain the sustainability of agricultural output. Humic acid can enhance a variety of physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil, including texture, structure, water-holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, pH, soil carbon, enzymes, nitrogen cycling, and nutrient availability. This study emphasizes the significance of humic acid for crop growth, plant hormone production, nutrient uptake and assimilation, Yield, and protein synthesis. The study deals with the Effect of humic acid on growth, fruit weight, fruit volume, quality of fruit, and Yield per hectare of ridge gourd. The research was studied at the In-check Farm, BCKV, Mohanpur, Nadia, W.B., India, in the pre-kharif season of 2023, following RBD with three replications, seven treatments, and control. Among the treatments, T6 had the highest fruit yield (127.908 q ha-1), followed by T5 in second place (109.842 q ha-1) and T1 in last place (70.480 q ha-1), with a significant difference between them. The average fruit yield and parameters associated with Yield were significantly higher for ridge gourds when 112 kg ha-1 of humic acid was applied in conjunction with the recommended dosage of fertilizers (T6). In all cases except days to flower initiation, T6 was highest among the other treatments. Hence, the humic acid (112 kg ha-1) along with FYM @ 20 kg ha-1, neem cake @ 600 kg ha-1, N @ 50 kg ha-1, P2O5 @ 25 kg ha-1, and K2O @ 25 kg ha-1 fertilizers were recommended for getting the maximum Yield, and quality of ridge guard. JEL Classification Codes: Q22, Q120.
FYM, Humic Acid, Neem Cake, Ridge Gourd, Yield.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sanjoy Kumar Bordolui , Gouranga Sundar Mandal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF THE OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF FARMERS' COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN SOUTH EAST NIGERIA
To uncover the constraints and entry points for improving the operational performance of farmers' cooperative societies in southeast Nigeria forms the motivation for this study. Farmers' cooperatives have enormous potential to support economic growth at the rural and regional levels, building on the spirit of teamwork that is already common among the rural people. A decent number of qualities differentiate cooperative associations from other different entities. These comprise open and voluntary enrollment. Cooperative social orders are available to all citizenry with common interests. This study analyzed responses from two hundred and forty respondents selected through a multi-stage sampling procedure. Frequency, mean, Likert scale and ordered logit regression model were used for the analysis. The perception of members of farmers' cooperative societies on their operational performance showed that the cooperatives in the area performed well in terms of members' access to training, participation during decision-making, voting during elections, and leaders' emergence through the democratic process. The ordered logit regression result of the socioeconomic factors to the operational performance of the farmers' cooperatives showed that membership strength, Age of the cooperatives, access to free input, access to training, and access to infrastructural facilities were statistically significant and positively related to farmers' cooperatives level of operational performance. Thus, the study recommends that Cooperative societies supply their members' goods and services for improved income and savings investment, improved productivity, and bargaining power through maximum utilization of economies of scale and cost and risk sharing. JEL Classification Codes: O13.
Farmers, Cooperatives, Operational Performance, Southeast Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2024 Ogochukwu Gabriella Onah , Chukwuma Otum Ume , Kelvin Nnaemeka Nwangwu , Emmanuel Ejiofor Omeje, Chizoba Obianuju Oranu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND LIPID PROFILE OF ARCHACHATINA MARGINATA (GIANT AFRICAN LAND SNAIL) FED VARYING LEVELS OF RIPE EGGPLANT FRUITS BASED DIETS
The performance of African giant land snails (Archachatina marginata) fed ripe eggplant fruits was studied using eighty-four (84) juvenile (four months old) Archachatina marginata for eight (8) weeks. The study evaluated the snails' growth performance and lipid profile (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein and triglycerides). The snails were divided into four treatment groups, with twenty-one (21) snails per group in a completely randomized design (CRD). Treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 had varying levels of ripe eggplant fruits at 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% inclusion levels respectively. Isocaloric and isonitrogenous feeds and water were provided ad libitum, while other management practices were strictly adhered to. The results showed no significant differences (P>0.05) in growth performance across treatments. The results also revealed that total cholesterol decreased (P<0.05) significantly as the levels of ripe eggplant fruits increased across treatments. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides, while high-density lipoprotein differed (P<0.05) significantly across treatments. The result also showed a linear increase in high-density lipoprotein ("good" cholesterol) as the levels of ripe eggplant fruits increased across treatments. Therefore, a 15% inclusion level of ripe eggplant fruits in the diet of Archachatina marginata reduces total cholesterol levels and increases high-density lipoprotein without any adverse effect on growth. The study recommends using ripe eggplant fruits to formulate diets for animals with high cholesterol content and high levels of low-density lipoprotein in their meat. JEL Classification Codes: O13.
Archachatina Marginata, Growth Performance, Lipid Profile, Eggplant Fruits.
Copyright (c) 2024 Kenechi Celestina Umezinwa , Chioma Jane Aniekwe , Foleng Harriet Ndofor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CAN CLIMATE CHANGE AFFECT INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES?: EVIDENCE FROM FARMERS IN ENUGU STATE NIGERIA
The need to analyze the changes that the effect of climate change brings on the income-generating activities of farmers in Enugu state necessitated this study. The study examined farmers' socio-economic characteristics, described the perceived climate change effects, analyzed changes in income-generating activities, and evaluated the link between socio-economic factors and income-generating activities. Primary data were collected from 120 respondents using well-structured questionnaires. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson product-moment correlation. The results showed that the majority (73.3%) of the respondents were male farmers. Results of the study also showed that reduction in productivity (89.2%), change in farming pattern (77.5%), and soil degradation (65.0%) were the most perceived effects of climatic change among the respondents. The result also revealed strong negative change in income-generating activities in the areas of goat/sheep rearing (-33.4), fishing (-32.5), rabbit rearing (-15.0), and basket weaving (15.0), while petty trading (+23.4), hair barbing (+18.3) and food vending (+15.8) had strong positive change in the study area. The study revealed that socio-economic characteristics such as marital status, household size, and years of farming experience are correlated with positive income-generating activities. The study recommends that farmers should prioritize positive income-generating activities that correlate with their socio-economic characteristics. The study also recommends the implementation of crop rotation and organic manure as one of the ecological practices for climate change mitigation. JEL Classification Codes: Q00, O13.
Climate Change, Income-Generating Activities, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Kelvin Nnaemeka Nwangwu , Chukwuma Ume , Ogochukwu Gabriella Onah , Chinedum Jachima Chiemela, Emmanuel Ejiofor Omeje https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RICE FARMER'S USING MOBILE IN MARKETING OPERATIONS: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY IN THE SPECIFIC REGION OF BANGLADESH
Rice is a major staple crop in Bangladesh, and its production has a profound effect on the country's agricultural sector. Large distribution networks in Bangladesh may drive up rice prices. The scarcity of marketing information prevents farmers from making decisions when planning their output and sales. This study aimed to analyze the variables that influence mobile usage and the effects of mobile use in rice marketing. 100 farmers were selected by two steps sampling procedure from the rural area of Upazilla, Bangladesh. 100 farmers in all, mostly small-scale rice farmers with an average plot size of 1.88 acres, were approached using a concise interview format & questionnaires. The data was evaluated using a variety of statistical methods, including correlation and regression analysis using a binary logistic regression model. The analysis was carried out utilizing the SPSS. Studies showed that 75% of mobile phone owners utilize it for paddy marketing. Income and education have a significant influence on cellphone usage, as shown in regression analysis. In the Likert scale study, there was a highly positive impact on having access to a broad variety of information, the accuracy of that information, negotiating power, and reducing market intermediaries' and transportation corporations' oppressiveness. Most farmers can save time and money by acquiring information themselves. It can be concluded that the adoption of mobile phones facilitates marketing activities and all potential consequences for rice farmers. Assuring mobile phone utilization could be essential in this area to improve the calibre of rice marketing. JEL Classification Codes: O13, O33, Q11, Q13.
Copyright (c) 2023 Farjana Akter Shila , Sauda Afrin Anny , Bisakha Dewan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CONCEPT OF SEED DETERIORATION: REASON, FACTORS, CHANGES DURING DETERIORATION AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO OVERCOME SEED DEGRADATION
Seed deterioration is when a seed loses its vigor and eventually loses viability. Seed viability is an important trait that directly influences seedling emergence and crop yield. The rate of seed deterioration varies on several factors. Our main aims were to express the methods for testing seed deterioration, factors influencing seed aging, stages of seed deterioration, changes associated with seed deterioration, Practical approaches to overcome seed deterioration, and the role of reactive oxygen species during seed aging. From this investigation, it can be concluded that high temperatures and high relative humidity can hasten the degradation of seeds. An increase in the loss of seed leachate, a drop in respiration rates and ATP production, a loss of enzyme activity, and organelle structural breakdown are often seen as changes as seeds age. Various factors can cause seed aging, but the main cause is probably oxidative damage brought on by free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, chromosomal abnormalities, and DNA damage can all be induced by ROS, which can have critical interactions with any macromolecule of biological significance. In the early stages of imbibition, some repairs may occur, and seeds will lose their viability within a short period. Seed deterioration can be retrieved through different priming and exogenous application of plant growth regulators. JEL Classification Codes: Q1, Q2, N5.
Cell Death, Deterioration, ROS, Seed Ageing.
Copyright (c) 2023 Anish Choudhury , Sanjoy Kumar Bordolui https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYSIS OF SESAME PRODUCTION AMONG INDIGENOUS AND NON-INDIGENOUS FARMERS IN YAGBA EAST, KOGI STATE, NIGERIA
Sesame is one of the oil crops with high economic value. Its production is becoming more pronounced in many parts of the world and gaining more ground among farmers in Nigeria. The study analyzed sesame production among indigenous and non-indigenous farmers in Yagba East, Nigeria. This study employed a Two-stage sampling technique in collecting primary data from one hundred and twenty respondents. It is a comparative study with specific objectives embedded. The data collected were analyzed using Descriptive statistics, t-test, Gross margin analysis, and a 4.0-point Likert scale. The results show that the majority (58.33%) of indigenous farmers were young, while (65.00%) of non-indigenous farmers were middle age. Also, most respondents were married (65.00%, 81.67%) indigenous and non-indigenous farmers. The average total revenue (N370,452.50, N548,712.40) per hectare accrued to indigenous and non-indigenous farmers, respectively. The average total costs the indigenous and non-indigenous farmers expended were (N70,152.28, N84,408.18) per hectare, respectively. The findings showed (5.28, 6.50) as benefit-cost ratio (BCR) for the indigenous and non-indigenous farmers, respectively. The results revealed that the high cost of fertilizer (mean score=3.38, 3.88), lack of improved seed (mean score=3.23, 2.53), high transportation cost (mean score=3.25, 3.52), and access to credit (mean score= of 3.43, 3.42) were serious constraints confronting both the indigenous and non-indigenous farmers respectively. Therefore, good road construction is needed through self-help or government intervention for effective transportation of inputs and output, extension visit is paramount, and farmers' resources should be pooled together to enhance farmers' access to adequate finances. JEL Classification Codes: G32.
Constraints, Profitability, Resources, T-Test.
Copyright (c) 2023 Yetunde Eunice Ajibade , Haruna Ibrahim Opaluwa , Matthew Olufemi Adio , Abayomi Oluwaseun Gbadamosi , Sefiaat Abdullahi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DIFFERENTIALS IN PROFITABILITY AND EFFICIENCY OF COWPEA MARKETING IN RURAL, SEMI- URBAN AND URBAN MARKETS IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA
This study analyzed differentials in profitability and efficiency of cowpea marketing in rural semi-urban and urban markets in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was employed for this study. Data was collected from 150 sampled cowpea marketers through the use of well-structured questionnaires. The following statistical and econometric tools was used to achieve the stated objectives of the study, Descriptive statistics, Budgetary technique, Multinomial logit regression model and Likert scale. The results of the socioeconomic characteristics of the samples cowpea marketers show that the mean age of the sampled cowpea marketers operating in rural, semi-urban and urban markets were 35 years, 33 years and 35 years respectively. The gross margin obtained by rural marketers was N680,744.91, while the gross margin obtained by the semi-urban and urban marketers was N209,539.45 and N2,498,189.69 respectively. The marketing efficiency level achieved by the marketers were 38%, 16% and 35% and were all less than 1. The mean price of the cowpea in Naira/50kg at the various market under study were rural market price N20,909.64, semi-urban market price was N21,439.65 and urban market price was found to be N22,954.96 on average basis. The results further show that the following factors influencing the choice of rural semi-urban and urban market were age of the marketers (P<0.01). Household size (P<0.01), Education level of the marketers (P<0.01), marketing experience (P< 0.05) market price of cowpea (P<0.01) and cost of transportation (P<0.01). The constraints faced by cowpea marketers include rodents, inadequate security, market leadership, customers, weevil, lack of fund, bad roads, lack of electricity, rainfall, and high price of the commodity. Therefore, the study recommends that extension services should be made available, storage facilities should be provided in the markets at all levels credit facilities should be provided to the marketers to increase their capacity either through government or nongovernmental organizations or microfinance banks or institutions, good roads and other infrastructural facilities should be made available specially to link the rural markets in the rural areas, security personnel should be provided to secure the markets at all levels. JEL Classification Codes: G32.
Differentials, Profitability, Marketing Efficiency, Cowpea.
Copyright (c) 2023 Luka Anthony , Elizabeth Samuel Ebukiba , Funso Omolayo Alabuja , Ahanotu Kenedy Chigozie , Jeremiah Samuel Aluwong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYSIS OF CASSAVA TUBER MARKETING IN RURAL AND URBAN MARKETS IN EDO SOUTH AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONE, EDO STATE, NIGERIA
Cassava farmers and marketers are faced with problems bothering on poor pricing of the product locally, with attendant negative implications on their profitability. Hence, this study focused on the profitability of cassava marketing in rural and urban markets in Edo South Agro-Ecological Zone, Edo State, Nigeria. A three-stage sampling procedure was used in drawing up a sample of 161 cassava marketers from seven purposely selected major cassava markets. Data collected with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive statistics, budgetary analysis and regression analysis. Cassava tuber marketing was shown to be profitable in the study area with a monthly gross margin of ₦29,061.4 and a return per Naira invested of 0.29 (29%) for rural marketers. Urban marketers had a mean monthly gross margin of ₦19, 961.3 per marketer and a return per Naira invested of 0.32 (32%). Rural markets were found to be more efficient (576.78%) than urban markets (168.84%). The major factor militating against the farmers and marketers in their adopted management practices was having little money to spend. It is concluded that in order to improve the profitability of cassava tuber marketers in the study area, measures should be taken to cut down on the cost of transportation. JEL Classification Codes: Q17.
Manihot esculenta, Marketing, Efficiency, Profitability.
Copyright (c) 2023 Magdalene Iredia Osakue , Christopher Osamudiamen Emokaro , Chukwunalu Okolie Ossai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GENDER DIFFERENTIALS AND PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS OF PEPPER (CAPSICUM SPECIES) PRODUCTION, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
This study analyzed gender differentials and profitability of pepper (Capsicum species) production in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was adopted. One hundred pepper farmers were selected. Primary sources of data were employed with the aid of well-designed and well-structured questionnaire. The results show that 66% of pepper farmers were between 21 to 50 years. Pepper production was profitable in the study area. Gender differentials in average costs and returns in pepper production revealed that gross margin were 137, 556.51 Naira per hectare for male pepper farmers, higher than that at 109,711.77 Naira per hectare for female pepper farmers respectively. Gender differentials in factors influencing output of pepper produced shows that age ,and fertilizer input , were significant factors influencing output of pepper produced by male farmers at 1% probability levels, while age , labour input , and fertilizer input , were significant factors influencing output of pepper produced by female farmers at 1% probability levels respectively. The return to scale of pepper production was estimated at 2.798 for male farmers, which signifies increasing return to scale. The return to scale was calculated for female pepper farmers at 0.033, which implies decrease return to scale. Major constraints faced by pepper farmers were: lack of fertilizers, pest and disease infestations, and inadequate capital. The study recommends that women pepper farmers should be giving more access to farm inputs and credit facilities at low interest rate to increase productivity. JEL Classification Codes: Q1, Q2, Q5.
Gender Differentials, Profitability Analysis, Pepper Production, Kaduna State, Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2023 Olugbenga Omotayo Alabi, Chinwe Edith Anekwe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PRODUCTION OF WATERLEAF IN A SOIL AND SOILLESS SYSTEMS USING SINGLE AND DOUBLE NODE CUTTINGS
The general acceptability of waterleaf and its profitability as a vegetable has promoted its high demand in Nigeria. However, rural farmers depend on conventional farming systems for production with a low output. This calls for an alternative technique besides the conventional method to boost production and meet market demand. This study, therefore, evaluated the yield response of waterleaf cuttings to soil and soilless systems. Single and double nodal cuttings were cut from one-month-old waterleaf plants and planted in 4 kg cocopeat substrate and topsoil each, mixed with 250 g poultry manure each and arranged in a 2 (level of nodal cuttings) by 2 (substrate) factorial experiment laid in a completely randomized design with three replicates in 2 cycles. The plants were watered every other day. At harvest, data were collected on the Root Weight (RW), Shoot Weight (SW), and Leaf Weight (LW). Data collected were analyzed using ANOVA and differences in means were separated using least significance differences at 5% significance level. The substrate type was insignificant in the growth and yield parameters. However, the RW, SW and LW differed significantly between the nodal cuttings and ranged from 9.1±2.8 g to 21.2±2.8 g, 12.0±4.5 g to 27.0±4.5 g and 10.7±3.1 g to 21.9±3.1 g, respectively in the first cycle. The RW, SW and LW, also ranged from 10.1±1.8 g to 20.5±1.8 g, 12.7±3.0 g to 24.8±3.0 g, and 11.7±3.0 g to 23.7±3.0 g in the second cycle of production. JEL Classification Codes: Q16.
Talinum Triangulare, Substrates, Soil Farming, Nodal Cuttings.
Copyright (c) 2022 Chukwunalu Okolie Ossai , Ayinde Mudashir Morakinyo , Oyeyemi Azeez , Stephanie Clara Akpeji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DETERMINANTS OF OUTPUT OF CASSAVA (MANIHOT SPECIES) PRODUCTION IN ABUJA, NIGERIA
This research study focused on determinants of the output of cassava (Manihot species) production in Abuja, Nigeria. Multi-stage method of sampling was used. One hundred (100) cassava farmers were sampled and selected. Primary data were obtained through the use of a well-designed and also well-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using econometrics and statistical tools. The results show that 87% of cassava producers were between 31 to 50 years of age. About 72% had formal education and were literate. Averagely, they had 4.76 hectares of cassava farmland. The estimated gross margin (GM) and net farm income (NFI) of cassava production per hectare were 1,464, 162.72 Naira and 1, 453, 752.49 Naira respectively. This implies that cassava production was profitable and worthwhile. Farm size and fertilizer input were statistically significant factors influencing the output of cassava production. Age, labour input, and cassava cuttings were statistically significant factors influencing the output of cassava production. While chemical input statistically and significantly influenced the output of cassava production. The constraints facing cassava producers were the unavailability of improved cassava cuttings, the high cost of farm inputs, insecurity, inadequate extension services, and inadequate finances. The research study recommends that improved cassava cuttings should be made available to farmers for increased productivity. Extension officers should be employed to disseminate innovations, research findings, and new farm technologies to cassava farmers. Credit or loan facilities should be made available to cassava producers at low-interest rates. JEL Classification Codes: Q1, Q3, Q5.
Determinants of Output, Cassava (Manihot species) Production, Abuja, Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2022 Olugbenga Omotayo Alabi , Godbless Friday Safugha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PERFORMANCE OF TELFAIRIA OCCIDENTALIS LEAF GROWN IN UREA HYDROPONIC SOLUTION
The study evaluated the performances of Telfairia occidentalis Hooker fil. under varying growth media subject to the amount of Urea granules (25 g, 50 g, 75 g, 100 g, 125 g and 150 g) dissolved in water containing micronutrients. The growth media were M25U, M50U, M75U, M100U, M125U, M150U, and Control. Two-week old seedlings of T. occidentalis raised using River-sand were transferred into the non-circulatory growth media. The growth indices (vine main length (VML), number of leaves (NL), stem girth (SG), petiole length (PL), internode (LI), leaf area (LA), and total leaf area (TLA)) of T. occidentalis were measured weekly. The root length (RL), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW) and pigment components were determined 5 weeks after planting following standard procedures. Across the growth media studied, the Control medium had the highest VML, NL, LA, TLA, PL and pigment composition of T. occidentalis. However, among the Urea growth media, M25U medium produced relatively the highest VML, NL, TLA, total chlorophyll, and RFW of T. occidentalis while M50U medium had the highest LA, RL and RDW. Also, T. occidentalis leaves grown in the Control medium had the highest chlorophyll content (33.22 mg/g), followed by M25U medium (22.88 mg/g) and was significantly different from the other growth media.M100U medium effectively enhanced carotenoids content (6.49 mg/g) of T. occidentalis compared to others. The study showed that the mineral composition of the growth media enhanced the performance of T. occidentalis. Hence, M25U growth media are recommended for growing T. occidentalis. JEL Classification Codes: O13.
Hydroponic, Grown, Performance, Telfairia Occidentalis.
Copyright (c) 2022 Love Akaja Akonye , Kalu Okonwu , Josephine Udunma Agogbua https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HYDROPONICS PRODUCTION OF CUCUMBER AS SOIL FARMING ALTERNATIVE IN NIGERIA
The constant farmers-herders clash has predisposed farmers to insecurity in Nigeria thereby making farming in open field difficult. The hydroponics system has gained popularity in the cultivation of vegetable crops around the World. However, in Nigeria, there is dearth of information on hydroponics usage as an alternative to soil farming. Hence, the need to investigate the suitability of producing cucumber in Nigeria using the hydroponics system compared to soil. Seeds of three cucumber varieties were grown in cocopeat substrate and topsoil in a 3 (genotypes) by 2 (substrate) factorial experiment laid in a completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Each plant was fertigated with 100 ml of liquefied poultry manure weekly and was watered every 3 days till harvest. Data were taken on the number of leaves, plant height, leaf area, days to flowering and fruiting, number of fruits and average fruit weight. Data collected were analyzed using ANOVA and differences in the treatment means were separated using least significant differences at 5% level of significance. Result obtained showed significant differences among genotypes in the growth and yield parameters with Poinset having the highest number of fruits (6.88±0.57) and fruit weight (275.00±17.03), while the substrate effect was not significant. JEL Classification Codes: Q15.
Cucumis Sativa, Cocopeat Substrate, Soil Farming, Genotype
Copyright (c) 2022 Chukwunalu Okolie Ossai , Stephanie Clara Akpeji , Ifeakachukwu Sunday Alama , Fidelis Nduka Emuh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPARATIVE NUTRITIONAL STUDY OF FOUR MOST CONSUMED VEGETABLES IN AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA
The study compared nutritional content of four most consumed vegetables [Gnetum africanum Welw, Hensia crinita (Afzel) G.Taylor, Lasianthera africana P.Beauv and Pterocarpus mildbraedii Harms] in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Standard procedures were followed in these assessments: Proximate composition (carbohydrate, protein, fibre, lipid, ash and moisture), Mineral elements (magnesium – Mg, calcium – Ca, iron – Fe, potassium – K and sodium – Na), vitamin C and chlorophyll (a and b). The study showed varied proximate composition, mineral elements, vitamin C and chlorophyll contents across the vegetables assessed. For proximate composition, the following ranges were recorded: 2.78 – 8.99%, 9.63 – 14.00%, 5.43 – 12.15%, 0.001 – 0.013%, 1.91 – 3.14% and 63.38 – 78.01% for carbohydrate, protein, fibre, lipid, ash and moisture contents, respectively. Among the vegetables, G. africanum recorded the highest value for carbohydrate, fibre, lipid, Fe, vitamin C and chlorophyll b. However, recorded the least value for moisture, ash, Mg and K contents. Secondly, L. africana had highest value for moisture, Ca, K, and Na contents and least value for protein, fibre, lipid, vitamin C, chlorophyll a and b contents. The K content in L. africana was statistically different at p≤0.05 with other vegetables. The study recommends the consumption of these nutritious vegetables based on dietary requirement of individuals. JEL Classification Codes: O13.
Comparative, Consumption, Nutrition, Vegetable
Copyright (c) 2022 Josephine Udunma Agogbua , Kalu Okonwu , Daniel Akaninyene Archibong , Festus Austine Ikpowosa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF PADDY RICE PRICE VARIABILITY IN DASS AND TAFAWA BALEWA LGAS OF BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA
The study was conducted on the spatial analysis of paddy rice (Oryza sativa) price variability in Dass and Tafawa Balewa LGAs of Bauchi State, Nigeria. Data were collected using questionnaires administered to 120 respondents sampled through random sampling technique. Secondary data were also collected from BSADP Bauchi on monthly prices of paddy rice. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, frequency, ranking and likert scale), pearson product correlation, T-test and ratio to moving average model. It was revealed that the leading causes of spatial rice price variability were spatial variation in supply, high cost of transportation and inadequate market information. There was existence of price integration or perfect price transmission between and among the urban and rural markets during the period of study. The magnitude of paddy rice price variability in the rural markets were higher, and the t-test shows that there was a significant (P < 0.05) difference in price of paddy rice between rural and urban markets. Spatial variation in supply, bad road condition, seasonal variation in supply, inadequate contact with extension agents and low capital outlay were the major constraints militating against paddy rice marketing in the study area. Therefore, it is recommended that Rural feeder roads should be constructed by government, NGOs or individuals to enable easy movement of produce as well as all year round production/supply of rice should be encouraged through provision of fund and inputs by relevant stakeholders to farmers for dry season farming in order to curtail the problem of price variation due to seasonality in production.
Spatial, Markets, Paddy Rice, Price Variability.
Copyright (c) 2021 Andarawus Musa, R.M. Sani, Godiya Bulus https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ENHANCEMENT OF YOUTH INVOLVEMENT IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION ADVISORY SERVICES THROUGH CAPACITY BUILDING: A SOLUTION TO UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA
The unemployment rate in Nigeria and other Sub Saharan African countries keep surging year after year despite the need for human resources in several sectors. Nigeria records a large number of young graduates from tertiary institutions most of whom find it difficult to get white collar jobs. Despite this ongoing, human resource which is needed for economic development remains under exploited. Young people have a sense of responsibility which makes it easy for them to take up opportunities that will lead to individual and societal development. Unemployed youths who have interest in agriculture and the extension system can be recruited into this sector to achieve sustainable agricultural and rural development in these areas. Capacity development is essential in this scenario to absorb these group of people into the agricultural sector, thus, reducing employment rate. Unqualified young persons can carry out the functions or duties of agricultural extension advisory services if their technical and knowledge skills in line with the subject matter is developed.
Youth, Unemployment, Agriculture, Extension Advisory Services, Capacity Development.
Copyright (c) 2021 Sharon Damilola Samuel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HYDROPONICS SYSTEM AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO SOIL FARMING OF WATERMELON IN NIGERIA
Watermelon is an important vegetable consumed worldwide. It is mostly grown in a sandy loam soil with a pH value ranging from 6.5 to 7.5. However, due to the constraints in land accessibility coupled to the farmers-herders clashes for limited land resources in Nigeria, it is important to shift the focus from land extensification to intensification farming. This study therefore compares the potential of hydroponics system of cultivating watermelon relative to conventional soil farming system. Three varieties of water melon (Diamond black, Crimson sweet and Travelers watermelon varieties) were planted in 2 substrate conditions (soil and cocopeat) 4 kg each. It was a 3x2 factorial experiment arranged in a completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Data were collected on the agronomic and yield parameters, and analysed using ANOVA, and means were separated using LSD at 5% level of significance. Results obtained showed varied agronomic performances among the genotypes, while the Crimson sweet watermelon produced significantly heavier fruit size (5.38±0.34) compared to the rest genotype. However, the highest number of fruits (2.33±0.22) was obtained in the soil, but the substrate type was insignificant in the average fruit weight. Hence, the hydroponics system is recommended as a complementary alternative to soil farming.
Watermelon, Cocopeat, Soil, Substrates; Agronomic Performance, Yield Performance.
Copyright (c) 2021 C. O. Ossai, S. A. Ojobor, S. C. Akpeji, O. E. Oroghe, S. Ogbole https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RESPONSE OF CHINA ASTER (CALLISTEPHUS CHINENSIS L.) GENOTYPES TOWARDS FOLIAR APPLICATION OF GA3
China Aster is one of the most popular flower that are used in ornamental garden. The demand for cut flowers of China aster is increasing day by day, but it has not been possible to supply the adequate amount of flowers especially during the festival season. The area under flower production is increasing year after year but farmers are not getting quality seeds in adequate quantity as very few farmers are taking up seed production because flower seeds loose their viability earlier than crop seeds. So, production of adequate quantity of quality seeds is essential to meet the demand. The present investigation was undertaken in Horticulture Research Station, Mondouri, B.C.K.V., Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal during Rabi season of 2018-19 and 2019-20. Over two consecutive years, six genotypes were evaluated the potentiality of for its growth and flowering, as well as to estimate the influence of GA3 through foliar application at pre-flowering stage on its seed production. In field three treatments were considered viz. T1 (control i.e.no application of GA3), T2 (GA3@50ppm), T3 (GA3@100ppm). According to the size of flowers, highest was recorded in Local Mix (G6). So, it could be considered as the best performer genotype considering flower diameter. Seed yield plant-1 was recorded highest in Local White (G5), it could be considered as the best performer genotype considering its higher number of flowers plant-1 and number of seeds flower-1. GA3 (100 ppm) could be utilized in a better way for greater enhancement in all those important parameters as overall influence of GA3 has been found to improve seed yield plant-1 and all the important attributes. Concomitant consideration of seed yield and its important attributes may indicate to recommend foliar application of 100 ppm GA3 for enhancement in seed yield in all the genotypes. Similar to the seed yield and its attributes, plant growth and development have been noticed to be positively influenced by GA3 concentrations with a higher side after 100 ppm, may lead to recommend foliar application of 100 ppm GA3 for commercial cultivation of this crop irrespective of the genotypes.
Copyright (c) 2021 Sudipta Biswas , Sanjoy Kumar Bordolui , Raghunath Sadhukhan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
REPLACEMENT VALUE OF MAIZE WITH OTHER CEREALS ON PERFORMANCE AND COST BENEFIT OF BROILER CHICKENS
The study investigated the effect of replacing maize with alternatives (white sorghum, red sorghum, grey millet and brown millet) on the growth performance and cost benefit of broiler chicken. A total of one hundred and fifty (150) day-old Aboica strain broiler chicks were purchased for this study and were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments. The five is caloric and is nitrogenous diets for both the starter and finisher phases were formulated with the test ingredients (yellow maize, white sorghum, red sorghum, grey millet and brown millet) as the main source of energy and were designated as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. Each treatment was further divided into three replicates with ten (10) birds per replicate. The parameters investigated were growth performance and economics of production. This study revealed no significant (p>0.05) differences in weight gain among all the treatment. Furthermore, it showed a significantly (p>0.05) lower cost of producing the four alternatives as compared to the control (maize) and higher gross profit. It was concluded that white sorghum, red sorghum, grey millet and brown millet can replace yellow maize without any adverse effect on the health status and general performance of broiler chickens.
Cost Benefit, Millet, Performance, Sorghum.
Copyright (c) 2021 Olufemi Olubunmi Egbewande, Iyabo Comfort Alemede, Maroof Mohammed Afolabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT STORAGE CONTAINERS IN RICE GENOTYPES DURING STORAGE
Rice is the staple food of more than half the world’s population and is being cultivated in Asia since ancient time’s generation after generation. Good quality seeds are the seeds of the green revolution, it has been assertively and emphatically shown that 15-20% increased yield could be achieved by the use of good quality seeds alone. Good quality seed is one of the most important requirements for production and supply to achieve higher production and productivity in any crop. The seed quality is depended on various factors Viz. genetic, edaphic, environmental, biotic, etc. Good quality seed production depends on complex conditions evoking the most favorable interactions between the genetic makeup of the seed and the environment, under which it is produced, harvested, processed, and stored. Seeds undergo deterioration at various levels during storage resulting in a decline in vigor and viability. With the above considerations, the present investigation has been undertaken to observe the potentials of ten rice genotypes and observed its seed quality after harvesting in 2016-2017 at Seed Testing Laboratory, Department of Seed Science and Technology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India. Just after harvesting G2 (Gobindabhog) and G9 (IR-36) showed highest germination percentage (97.66) and G9 (IR-36) showed highest Vigor index (3204.13). But most of the varieties germination and vigor were nearer to G2 & G9. Among the containers with seed moisture content aluminum foil packet with seed moisture content, 8% is the best storage container for rice among the other containers as up to one-year storage vigor index was observed highest in that conditions.
Containers, Germination, Rice, Storage, Vigor.
Copyright (c) 2021 Sanjoy Kumar Bordolui, Nagapuri Sachin Kumar , Kanu Murmu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECT OF GROWING SUBSTRATE ON YIELD OF RADISH IN NIGERIA UNDER RAINFED AND HAND WATERING CONDITIONS
Radishes (Raphanus sativus L) have high nutritive and medicinal values, and are predominantly cultivated in the temperate regions of the world. With the high malnutrition rate in Nigeria, domesticating radish is necessary. However, despite being successfully cultivated using the hydroponics system with cocopeat substrate in Nigeria, the adaption to the soil type is an important factor to consider. Seeds of three genotypes of radish were grown in cocopeat substrate and topsoil under rainfed and hand watering conditions. The experiment was set up as a 3 (genotypes) by 2 (substrates) by 2 (watering methods) factorial laid in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Data were collected on the plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, and the tuber and leaf weights respectively. Data collected were analyzed using ANOVA (SAS 9.0 version) and differences in treatment means were separated using least significant differences at 5 % significance level. Results obtained showed that the tuber weight of White Icicle Radish (21.35±3.32) was significantly heavier than the rest genotypes, and the hand watering system also encouraged the production of heavier tuber size (17.79±2.71) than the rainfed system (7.9.6±2.71). However, the planting substrate was insignificant in all parameters considered.
Raphanus Sativus, Substrate, Cocopeat, Topsoil, Rainfed, Water.
Copyright (c) 2021 Ossai C. Okolie, Stephanie Clara Akpeji, E. Martha Olorode, Ogbole Samson, S. Oye Azeez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECT OF SUBSTRATE TYPES ON THE SURVIVAL OF TOMATO VINE CUTTING TECHNOLOGY IN NIGERIA
Due to the high cost of tomato seeds, it is important to fully exploit the seeds for economic gains. This has necessitated the use of vine cutting technology in tomato production from vegetative parts. However, the vine acclimatization substrates type plays important role in the survival of the cut vines. Hence, this study investigates three different substrate types (cocopeat, water and loamy soil) for their suitability for vines cutting. Seeds of three tomato genotypes were raised in hydroponics system containing dissolved cocopeat. At one month after planting, vines were cut from the plants into the three substrates in a Completely Randomized Design with three replicates. Data were collected on vine survival, days to new shoot formation, number of fruits per plant and the average fruit weight at harvest. Data collected were analyzed using ANOVA and differences in the treatment means were separated using the Least Significant Differences at 5 % level of significance. Results obtained showed that the percentage vine survival across the substrates was insignificant with a success rate of up to 77 % in the loamy soil. However, new shoot formation was fastest in the cocopeat substrate (12.56±0.53), while San marzano had the heaviest fruit size (20.73±1.33).
Vine cutting, Cocopeat, Vine Survival, Tomato, Acclimatization.
Copyright (c) 2021 Ossai C. Okolie, Emuh F. Nduka, Ogbole Samson, Stephanie Clara Akpeji, Morufat O. Balogun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
OCCURRENCE AND IDENTIFICATION OF FUNGAL ROTS IN TOMATO (LYCOPERSICUM ESCULENTUM MILL) FRUIT
Tomato fruits have high nutritional qualities, but their spoilage by soil-borne pathogens results in food poisoning. It is important to isolate and identify the strains of fungi associated with tomato rot, to understand their pathogenic state. Seeds of 3 genotypes of tomato were grown in both hydroponics and soil systems. It is a factorial experiment laid in a completely Randomized Design with four replicates. The number and weight of fruits produced, number of infected and uninfected fruits by rots were recorded. Data collected were analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated using LSD at 5 % significance level. At harvest, the infected and uninfected fruits were harvested and 10 g each were sliced, dissolved in sterile distilled water and were serially diluted before plating on sterile Potato Dextrose Agar-PDA and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar-SDA media with 2 % streptomycin and incubated at 28oC for 3 – 7 days. Genotypes and substrates were significant in the rate of fruit infection, with the Roma tomato having 78.1 % fruit infection rate, while the identified fungi from the infected tomato fruits are Aspergillus flavus and Mucor racemosu, as no organism grew in the uninfected fruits cultured in both PDA and SDA culture media.
Infection, Genotypes, Tomato, Fungi, Hydroponics, Pathogenic.
Copyright (c) 2021 Stephanie Clara Akpeji, Ossai C. Okolie, Ogbole Samson https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Level of Sensitization on the Gains of Inclusion Dairy Cattle in Paddy Grazing and Formulated Feeds to End Herders-Farmers Conflict in Northern Nigeria
This study was borne out of the fact that rice farming and cattle rearing are predominant in the northern parts of Nigeria. But there have been increasing conflicts between farmers and herdsmen particularly in north-central. To address this problem, this study empirically looked at the nexus between sensitization on gains from paddy grazing and farming practices in rice production. Data were collected from three hundred and twenty respondents with the aid of a structured interview guide and field survey. It was found that instead of using organic manure, Urea (55%) and NPK (36.9%) fertilizers were applied on the rice farms. Most (89.4%) of the respondents were not sensitized on the benefits of paddy grazing to the dairy cattle, environment, and soil. Results of the t-test indicated that no significant difference existed in the farming practices for rice production in Niger and Benue States (t = 8.9). The level of sensitization on paddy grazing correlates with the farm practices of the respondents (r = 0.69). This study concluded that respondents did not aware that paddy grazing could lead to increased rice and milk production.
Benefits, Herdsmen, Dairy Cattle, Problems, Rice Paddy, Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2020 Oyediran Wasiu Oyeleke , Omoare Ayodeji Motunrayo , Osinowo Oluremi Adebisi, Ogbonna Chinna Claver , Onabajo Adebisi Olufemi, Elabor Abdul Rasheed A., Ameh Godwin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Extension Officers in Delivering Agricultural Services to the Small-Scale Farmers, Gezira State, Sudan
This research was carried out in Gezira State, Sudan. The objective of this research is to assess the role of extension officers in transferring agricultural services and innovations to the farmers. Field survey was used to collect the data by using structured questionnaire which designed and pre-tested. Secondary data was collected from books, scientific journals and relevant documents. Based on Steven Samson equation the sample size were 36 extension officers selected by using quota sample technique. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for data analysis depends on descriptive statistics, correlation, and Regression analysis. The findings indicated that the high percentages (47%) of extension officers their experiences between 11 to 15 years and 33% had no training courses. 81% of the respondents had strong-direct links with the farmers, and their source of information of inputs and technical packages was the research centres (75%). The extension officers explained that they had high cost in transferring information to the farmers, required information and more interested partners on the feedback was research institution (83%). Correlation test shown personal characters, business career had significant correlation with the link with the research (.031) the value (R=.359), high significantly correlated between the nature of the relationship with farmers and link with research sig (.001) value of correlation (.534). The results of regression test indicated that the link with research had impact with significant value (.427beat) sig (.049) other partners had no significant. Recommendations: Based on the findings the research recommends: clear direct link for the extension officers with all agricultural partners in order to facilitate the delivery of information to the farmers. Private sector should involve in designing the extension policy and continuing training sessions have to be held to all extension officers.
Agricultural Services, Extension Officers, Small Scale Farmers, Sudan.
Copyright (c) 2020 Adam Elradi M. Ali, Mohammed Adam. A. Hamad, Mohamed Atta Ali Abdallh, Mutasim Ali M. Elagab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Grasscover in Restoring the Properties of Eroded Soils of Umudike, Southeastern, Nigeria
The influence of grasscover in restoring the eroded soils was carried out in Umudike, Southestern Nigeria. The use of grass has attracted considerable research attention with respect to forage production and erosion control. Little information is available on the influence of this grasscover management on soil physical and chemical properties. Four different grasses namely: Paspalum notatum(PN), Panicum maximum(PM), Axonopus compressus(AC) and Vetiver grass(VG)- Vetiveria zizanioid/es) were used in this study and their influence on eroded soil tested in two locations. This study has shown that the soils planted with the grasses gave significantly (p<0.05) higher results of the physical and some chemical properties than their adjacent open bare soil. In all the parameters considered in this study, the values obtained in soils under Paspalum notatum was higher than those obtained in PM, AC, VG and their adjacent bare soils(BS). The soils under PN had generally lower bulk density, higher total porosity and hydraulic conductivity than other grasses and adjacent open bare soil in both locations. The soil under PN proved best, outperforming PM, VG,and AC in stabilizing soil aggregates. Planting of PN on eroded soil significantly (p<0.05) increased the mean weight diameter from 0.77mm (BSPN1) to 1.31mm (PN1) and 0.82mm (BSPN2) to 1.48mm (PN2) for Locations 1 and 2, respectively. The relative improvement in Location 1 was in the order : PN1>AC1=VG1>PM1>BSVG1=BSPN1>BSAC1=BSPM1. Also, soils under PN had significantly higher values of pH, organic C and organic matter, total nitrogen and available P more than other grasses and their adjacent open soils. The magnitude of increase in Location 1 was in the order : PN1>AC1>PM1=VG1>BSVG1=BSPN1=BSAC1>BSPM1. Location 2 also increased in the same trend. The organic carbon content of PN increased from 0.73%(BSPN1) to 2.89%(PN1) and 0.88%(BSPN2) to 2.91%(PN2) in Locations 1 and 2, respectively. Also, the organic matter content of the soil increased in the same trend as organic carbon content.
Influence, Grasscover, Restoring, Eroded Soils, Umudike, Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2020 Onwuchekwa Ojimgba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Inorganic Fertilizer (NPK 15:15:15) and Cacao (Theobroma cacao L) Leaf Litter Application Rates on Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) Performance in the Tropics
Influence of inorganic fertilizer (NPK 15:15:15) and cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) leaf litter application rates on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) performance in the tropics was studied for 24 months (January, 2017 – December, 2018) at Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN) Ibeku Sub-Station, Umuahia, Nigeria. Three 3 x 3 factorial experiments, each in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates/blocks were used to study the responses of cowpea to three NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer rates 0 kg, 500 kg and 1000 kg ha-1 represented by (Factor F) F0, F1 and F2, respectively, and cocoa leaf litter rates 0 t, 10 t and 20 t ha-1 which were also represented by Lo, L1 and L2 (Factor L), respectively. The results obtained from the study show that the application of either 10 or 20 t ha-1 cocoa leaf litter alone or complementary application of either 10 or 20 t ha-1 cocoa leaf litter plus 500 or 1000 kg ha-1 NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer significantly increased the various cowpea growth and yield components than the fertilizer rates alone. The treatment without fertilizer and leaf litter, i.e. topsoil only (F0L0) gave significantly the least cowpea growth and yield components. The highest values were obtained with the application of 1000 kg ha-1 NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer with 20 t ha-1 cocoa leaf litter (F2L2). The cowpea crop performance in terms of growth, yield and yield components over the study periods, 2017 and 2018 were statistically similar. Therefore, the inclusion of leaf litter has greater potential for improving cowpea yield than when fertilizer was used alone. Leaves are potential sources of valuable nutrients providing a high quality of organic matter, which should be returned to the soil.
Cowpea, Fertilizer, Cacao Leaf Litter, Application Rates, Performance, Tropics.